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Genetic Structure and Demographic History Should Inform Conservation: Chinese Cobras Currently Treated as Homogenous Show Population Divergence

机译：遗传结构和人口史应有助于保护：中国眼镜蛇目前被视为同质的显示种群差异。

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An understanding of population structure and genetic diversity is crucial for wildlife conservation and for determining the integrity of wildlife populations. The vulnerable Chinese cobra (Naja atra) has a distribution from the mouth of the Yangtze River down to northern Vietnam and Laos, within which several large mountain ranges and water bodies may influence population structure. We combined 12 microsatellite loci and 1117 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene to explore genetic structure and demographic history in this species, using 269 individuals from various localities in Mainland China and Vietnam. High levels of genetic variation were identified for both mtDNA and microsatellites. mtDNA data revealed two main (Vietnam + southern China + southwestern China; eastern + southeastern China) and one minor (comprising only two individuals from the westernmost site) clades. Microsatellite data divided the eastern + southeastern China clade further into two genetic clusters, which include individuals from the eastern and southeastern regions, respectively. The Luoxiao and Nanling Mountains may be important barriers affecting the diversification of lineages. In the haplotype network of cytchrome b, many haplotypes were represented within a “star” cluster and this and other tests suggest recent expansion. However, microsatellite analyses did not yield strong evidence for a recent bottleneck for any population or genetic cluster. The three main clusters identified here should be considered as independent management units for conservation purposes. The release of Chinese cobras into the wild should cease unless their origin can be determined, and this will avoid problems arising from unnatural homogenization.
机译：了解种群结构和遗传多样性对于野生生物保护和确定野生生物种群的完整性至关重要。易受伤害的中国眼镜蛇（Naja atra）的分布范围从长江口一直到越南北部和老挝，其中一些大山脉和水体可能影响人口结构。我们使用来自中国大陆和越南各地的269位个体，结合了12个微卫星基因座和1117 bp的线粒体细胞色素b基因，探索了该物种的遗传结构和人口历史。 mtDNA和微卫星都鉴定出高水平的遗传变异。 mtDNA数据显示了两个主要进化支（越南+中国南部+中国西南；东部+东南中国）和一个未成年人（仅来自最西端的两个个体）进化枝。微卫星数据将中国东部和东南部进化枝进一步分为两个遗传簇，分别包括来自东部和东南部地区的个体。罗霄山和南岭山可能是影响宗族多样化的重要障碍。在细胞色素b的单倍型网络中，许多单倍型在一个“星状”簇中表示，这一和其他测试表明最近有扩展。但是，微卫星分析并未为任何种群或遗传集群的近期瓶颈提供强有力的证据。出于保护目的，此处确定的三个主要集群应被视为独立的管理单位。除非能够确定其来源，否则应停止将中国眼镜蛇释放到野外，这将避免因不自然的均质化而引起的问题。

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